Microphysics of Atmospheric Phenomena

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<p> </p><p>This book investigates elementary processes in the Earth’s atmosphere involving photons,&nbsp;electrons, ions, radicals, and aerosols. It is based on global atmospheric models such as the&nbsp;standard atmospheric model with averaged atmospheric parameters across the globe and&nbsp;over time, the Earth’s energetic balance, and the global electric circuit that allows to analyze&nbsp;fundamental atmospheric properties to be analyzed. Rate constants of elementary processes&nbsp;in the Earth’s atmosphere, together with measured atmospheric parameters and existing&nbsp;concepts of atmospheric phenomena, are used in the analysis of global and local atmospheric&nbsp;processes. Atmospheric photoprocesses result from the interaction of solar radiation with&nbsp;the atmosphere and processes involving ions, oxygen atoms, excited atomic particles and&nbsp;ozone molecules. Atmospheric electricity as a secondary phenomenon to atmospheric water&nbsp;circulation results in a chain of processes that begins with collisions of water aerosols in&nbsp;different aggregate states. Cosmic rays are of importance for atmospheric electricity, as&nbsp;they create positive and negative ions in the air. Air breakdown in an electric field of&nbsp;clouds in the form of lightning may develop under the influence of cosmic ray-created seed&nbsp;electrons, which are necessary for electron multiplication in ionization wave-streamers. The&nbsp;upper atmosphere (ionosphere) is formed under solar radiation in a vacuum ultraviolet&nbsp;spectrum, and absorption of this radiation leads to air photoionization. The greenhouse&nbsp;effect is determined by atmospheric water, whereas transitions between a water vapor and&nbsp;aerosols may lead to a change in atmospheric optical depth. Carbon dioxide contributes&nbsp;in small portions to the atmospheric greenhouse effect. Cosmic rays are of importance&nbsp;for atmospheric discharge, the origin of lightning and cloud formation in the first stage&nbsp;of aerosol growth. This book provides a qualitative description of atmospheric properties&nbsp;and phenomena based on elementary processes and simple models.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>